Thyroid Disorders: Understanding Varieties, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Thyroid Disorders

Situated in the anterior portion of the neck, the thyroid gland resembles a small butterfly and is responsible for synthesizing crucial hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a pivotal role in regulating metabolic rate, energy levels, and overall growth and development. However, disruptions in the thyroid’s functionality can give rise to various issues. Delve into this in-depth discussion where we delve into the diverse types, symptoms, underlying causes, methods of diagnosis, and treatment options for thyroid disorders. Keep reading to learn more.

Common Thyroid Disorders

  • Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions inadequately, leading to insufficient production of thyroid hormones.
  • Hyperthyroidism: This condition manifests when the thyroid gland becomes overly active, resulting in an excessive release of thyroid hormones.
  • Goitre: Characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, goiter can develop due to both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, or it may stem from iodine deficiency.
  • Thyroiditis: Thyroiditis refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can occasionally be accompanied by pain.

Symptoms of Thyroid Disorders

Identifying the initial signs of thyroid disorders is crucial for prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. There are two primary categories of thyroid conditions, each characterized by distinct symptoms:

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism:

  • Fatigue or Exhaustion: Persistent tiredness not alleviated by rest.
  • Weight Gain: Gradual and unexplained increase in body weight, typically mild.
  • Dry, Coarse Hair: Changes in hair texture, often becoming dry and rough.
  • Hair Loss: Thinning or significant loss of hair.
  • Hoarse Voice: Alterations in voice tone and quality.
  • Heavy and Frequent Menstrual Periods: Irregularities in the menstrual cycle.
  • Sensitivity to Cold Temperature: Excessive cold sensation even in normal conditions.
  • Forgetfulness: Memory lapses and forgetfulness.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism:

  • Weight Loss: Rapid and unintentional loss of weight.
  • Muscle Weakness: Decreased strength and muscle tone.
  • Tremors or Trembling: Involuntary shaking or trembling of hands or other body parts.
  • Sleeplessness: Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
  • Anxiety and Nervousness: Excessive worry, anxiety, or nervousness.
  • Irregular Menstrual Periods or Absence of Periods: Changes in menstrual cycle.
  • Sensitivity to Hot Temperature: Excessive warmth, particularly in warm weather.
  • Irritation in the Eyes or Vision Problems: Eye-related symptoms, such as irritation or vision issues. In some cases, protrusion of the eyeball may occur.

Causes of Thyroid Disorders

Various factors affecting the thyroid gland’s function can lead to the development of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism

  • Thyroiditis: This condition involves inflammation or painful swelling of the thyroid gland. Following a phase of transient hyperthyroidism, it results in hypothyroidism.
  • Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The most common cause of hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies that damage the thyroid. It typically presents without pain.
  • Congenital Hypothyroidism: Occasionally, the thyroid gland fails to function properly from birth, affecting about 1 in 4,000 newborns. Timely treatment is crucial to prevent future physical and mental complications.

Hyperthyroidism

  • Graves’ Disease: Also known as diffuse toxic goiter, Graves’ disease leads to the entire thyroid gland becoming overactive, resulting in excessive hormone production.
  • Nodules: Hyperthyroidism can occur due to overactive nodules within the thyroid, which can be singular or multiple.
  • Thyroiditis: Whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, thyroiditis involves the release of stored hormones from the thyroid due to inflammation. It is typically temporary and may persist for weeks to months.
  • Excessive Iodine: Certain medications and food items containing excessive iodine can sometimes stimulate the thyroid to produce more hormones than necessary.

Diagnosing Thyroid Disorders

The diagnosis of thyroid disorders typically involves a series of steps, encompassing symptom assessment, physical examination, and specific diagnostic tests:

Medical History and Physical Examination: 

The physician will inquire about the patient’s symptoms, family history of thyroid or autoimmune conditions, and current medications. During the physical examination, they will evaluate the thyroid gland for enlargement, nodules, or tenderness. Additionally, they may assess heart rate, reflexes, and skin texture for indications of thyroid dysfunction.

Blood Tests:

Blood tests are fundamental in diagnosing thyroid diseases. Key blood tests include:

  • TSH Test (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone): This measures the level of TSH in the blood. Elevated TSH levels often indicate hypothyroidism, while low levels suggest hyperthyroidism. Normal levels vary based on age and other factors.
  • T4 Test: This assesses the level of thyroxine (T4) in the blood. Low T4 levels are indicative of hypothyroidism, whereas high levels may indicate hyperthyroidism.
  • T3 Test: Elevated T3 levels are typically observed in hyperthyroidism.
  • Thyroid Antibody Tests: These detect autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (for hypothyroidism) and Graves’ disease (for hyperthyroidism).

Imaging Tests:

Imaging tests can help identify thyroid nodules, enlargement, or structural alterations. These may include:

  • Ultrasound: This imaging technique is commonly employed to examine the thyroid gland’s structure and identify nodules or cysts.
  • Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test: This test measures the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb iodine from the blood, aiding in diagnosing hyperthyroidism and determining its underlying cause.

Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy:

If nodules are detected, a biopsy may be conducted to rule out cancer. This procedure involves extracting a small sample of cells from the thyroid nodule using a fine needle, which is then examined under a microscope.

Treatment of Thyroid Disorders

Treatment for thyroid gland disorders varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Here’s an overview of treatments for common thyroid conditions:

Hypothyroidism:

  • Levothyroxine: This synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) is the most common treatment. Administered orally, it works by replenishing low hormone levels, thus alleviating symptoms. Dosage is carefully adjusted based on regular blood tests.
  • Regular Monitoring: Patients require regular blood tests to ensure that thyroid hormone levels remain within the target range and to adjust medication dosage as needed.

Hyperthyroidism:

  • Antithyroid Medications: Drugs such as methimazole or propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly prescribed. They function by reducing thyroid hormone production.
  • Radioactive Iodine Therapy: This treatment involves the destruction of thyroid cells, thereby decreasing hormone production. It often results in hypothyroidism, necessitating lifelong thyroid hormone replacement.
  • Beta-Blockers: Although they do not directly impact thyroid hormone levels, beta-blockers can alleviate symptoms such as rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety in hyperthyroidism.
  • Surgery (Thyroidectomy): In certain cases, partial or total removal of the thyroid gland may be necessary. This procedure is typically performed for large goiters, thyroid cancers, or an overactive thyroid gland that cannot be effectively managed with medications or radioactive iodine. Thyroidectomy often leads to hypothyroidism, necessitating hormone replacement therapy.

Considerations for Lifestyle and Diet

Incorporating regular exercise and maintaining a nutritious diet is essential for overall health and can aid in symptom management.

It’s important to avoid overexposure to iodine, especially in cases of hyperthyroidism.

Regular follow-up appointments are crucial for individuals with thyroid conditions to assess the effectiveness of treatment and make any necessary adjustments.

Conclusion

Thyroid disease, characterized by diverse symptoms and causes, demands meticulous attention for successful management. Early diagnosis facilitated by blood tests, physical examinations, and imaging is paramount. Ayushman Hospital stands as a beacon of expert care, offering advanced diagnostic services for individuals concerned about their thyroid health. Our seasoned team of specialists is committed to providing tailored treatment strategies and unwavering support. Take charge of your thyroid health by reaching out to Ayushman Hospital. Schedule an appointment with our esteemed Thyroid Disorders Doctors today and rest assured that your condition will be managed with utmost care and expertise. Your well-being is our foremost priority.

/by

Bone Marrow Transplants

Bone Marrow Transplants

Bone marrow, the spongy tissue nestled within our bones, plays a vital role in our survival. It acts as a factory, churning out the essential components of our blood: red blood cells that carry oxygen, white blood cells that fight infection, and platelets that help blood clot.

This blog delves into the world of bone marrow transplants (BMT), a potentially life-saving procedure that offers a cure for certain conditions, including sickle cell disease.

Understanding Bone Marrow

There are two main types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is the hero of this story. It houses stem cells, the body’s master cells with the remarkable ability to transform into various mature blood cell types. These stem cells constantly multiply and mature, ensuring a steady supply of fresh blood cells circulating throughout our body.

When the Factory Fails: Bone Marrow Disorders and Testing

Several conditions can disrupt the normal functioning of bone marrow, leading to imbalances in blood cell production. These imbalances can manifest as anemia (low red blood cells), low white blood cell counts (increasing infection risk), or high platelet counts (which can lead to clotting problems).

In such cases, a bone marrow test might be necessary. This minimally invasive procedure involves extracting a small sample of bone marrow fluid and tissue, usually from the hip bone. The sample is then analyzed to pinpoint the underlying cause of the blood cell abnormalities.

Bone Marrow Transplants: Replacing the Diseased Factory

A bone marrow transplant (BMT), also known as a stem cell transplant (SCT), offers a glimmer of hope for patients with certain blood and bone marrow disorders. The procedure essentially replaces the patient’s diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor.

These healthy donor stem cells are infused into the patient’s bloodstream, where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin to grow and mature. Over time, they take over the production of healthy blood cells, effectively replacing the diseased bone marrow function.

Who Needs a BMT?

While BMT holds immense promise, it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution. This procedure is commonly recommended for patients who have:

  • Sickle Cell Disease: A genetic disorder causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, leading to severe pain, organ damage, and stroke. BMT is currently the only curative option for sickle cell disease.
  • Thalassemia Major: Another genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, leading to severe anemia. BMT offers a potential cure.
  • Aplastic Anemia: A rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells. BMT is a potentially life-saving treatment.
  • Inherited Immune Deficiency Disorders: These genetic disorders weaken the body’s immune system, making individuals susceptible to infections. BMT can help rebuild a functional immune system.
  • Inherited Metabolic Disorders: Certain genetic disorders disrupt the body’s ability to process specific substances. BMT can potentially correct these metabolic imbalances.
  • Leukemia: Cancers of the blood and bone marrow. BMT can be used to eradicate cancerous cells and restore healthy blood cell production.
  • Relapsed Lymphoma: A type of cancer of the lymphatic system that returns after initial treatment. BMT can be used to attempt a cure for relapsed lymphoma.
  • Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): A group of disorders affecting the development of blood cells in the bone marrow. BMT can be a treatment option for some types of MDS.

Finding the Perfect Match: The Search for Donors

The success of a BMT hinges on finding a compatible donor whose stem cells closely match the recipient’s tissue type (HLA type). This minimizes the risk of the body rejecting the transplanted stem cells, a serious complication known as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

There are three main types of BMT depending on the donor source:

  • Autologous BMT: In this approach, the patient’s stem cells are collected, treated (if necessary), and then reintroduced after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation to eliminate diseased bone marrow. This type of BMT is less common.
  • Allogeneic BMT: This is the most common type, where stem cells come from a matched donor, ideally a sibling with a 100% HLA match. Other family members or unrelated donors registered in national bone marrow registries can also be potential sources.
  • Haploidentical BMT: This approach uses stem cells from a partially matched donor, such as a parent. It’s a less common option due to a higher risk of GVHD.

The BMT Journey: Challenges and Recovery

The prospect of a BMT offers immense hope, but it’s a complex journey with significant challenges. Here’s a preview of what you can anticipate:

Pre-Transplant Conditioning: Before the transplant, the patient undergoes intensive conditioning treatment, typically involving high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This treatment aims to eradicate any remaining diseased cells in the bone marrow and suppress the immune system to prevent rejection of the donor stem cells. However, conditioning can be harsh, causing side effects like nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection.

Post-Transplant Complications: Following the transplant, the patient remains hospitalized for several weeks while the new stem cells engraft (take root) in the bone marrow and begin producing healthy blood cells. This period is critical but can be challenging due to:

  • Engraftment Syndrome: The body may react to the new stem cells, causing fever, rash, and nausea.
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): A serious complication where the donor’s immune system attacks the recipient’s body. There are two types: acute GVHD (occurring within the first 100 days) and chronic GVHD (developing later).
  • Infections: Due to the suppressed immune system, patients are highly susceptible to infections requiring careful monitoring and isolation procedures.

The Road to Recovery: Recovery after BMT is a gradual process that can take months or even a year. Regular doctor visits, blood tests, and medications are crucial to monitor progress, prevent complications, and manage side effects.

Psychological Impact: The BMT journey can be emotionally draining for both the patient and their loved ones. The intensity of the treatment, the uncertainty of outcomes, and the long recovery period can take a toll on mental well-being. Support groups, counseling, and open communication with the healthcare team can help patients navigate these challenges.

The Power of Bone Marrow Donation: Be a Beacon of Hope

Bone marrow donation is a selfless act with the potential to save a life. If you’re considering becoming a bone marrow donor, please register with your national bone marrow registry. You could be the answer someone is desperately waiting for.

/by

How Does Sugar Affect Your Cholesterol?

How Does Sugar Affect Your Cholesterol

The impact of sugar on cholesterol levels is significant. Studies have shown that excessive sugar intake contributes to elevated cholesterol levels, particularly increasing markers associated with cardiovascular diseases. Consuming high amounts of added sugar has been linked to reduced levels of ‘good’ cholesterol, known as high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL plays a crucial role in transporting excess ‘bad’ cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein (LDL), to the liver.

What To Know About Excess Intake of Sugar?

Added sugar refers to any caloric sweetener incorporated into processed or prepared foods. Besides elevating calorie intake, added sugar needs to be nutritional. It’s advised that women limit daily sugar consumption to 100 calories, while men should restrict it to 150 calories, equating to approximately 6 teaspoons for women and 9 teaspoons for men.

Both added sugars and simple carbohydrates are swiftly converted into sugar within the body. This encompasses not only desserts like cakes or cookies but also foods derived from refined grains, such as bread and white rice. Elevated blood sugar levels lead to increased cholesterol levels, notably very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and diminished levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Prolonged high blood sugar can also inflict damage on arterial linings.

When ingested, carbohydrates are metabolized into sugar, prompting the body to release insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin, a crucial hormone, ensures sugar storage for future energy needs between meals. Over time, this mechanism stores sugar and shifts the body into a storage-oriented mode.

As blood sugar levels rise, HDL or “good” cholesterol levels decline, while levels of triglycerides, and fats associated with cardiovascular risks, escalate. Hence, a direct correlation exists between a person’s sugar intake and their HDL and triglyceride levels. Increased sugar consumption correlates with lower HDL and higher triglycerides.

Excessive consumption of added sugar not only triples the risk of low HDL levels but also serves as a significant risk factor for heart disease. While high cholesterol often evokes thoughts of foods rich in saturated or trans fats, they aren’t the sole contributors to elevated cholesterol levels that warrant attention.

Causes of Elevated Cholesterol Levels

Elevated cholesterol levels result in the accumulation of fatty deposits along the walls of blood vessels, gradually obstructing blood flow. In some instances, these deposits can rupture suddenly, forming clots that may trigger strokes or heart attacks.

While some individuals inherit high cholesterol, unhealthy lifestyles or dietary habits are primarily responsible in most cases. Therefore, adopting a healthy lifestyle comprising balanced eating habits, regular exercise, and, if necessary, appropriate medication is one of the most effective means to prevent high cholesterol.

Cholesterol, a waxy substance in the bloodstream, is essential for building healthy cells. However, elevated cholesterol levels increase the risk of heart disease and related complications. The majority of cholesterol in the body is produced internally rather than absorbed from the diet. Hence, managing cholesterol entails avoiding foods that stimulate the body’s cholesterol production rather than solely focusing on dietary cholesterol.

Cholesterol is transported in the blood bound to proteins, forming lipoproteins. These lipoprotein-protein complexes determine the different types of cholesterol present in the body:

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), commonly referred to as “bad” cholesterol, carries cholesterol particles throughout the body. Accumulation of LDL cholesterol on arterial walls causes them to harden and narrow, impeding blood flow and potentially leading to severe complications.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as “good” cholesterol, removes excess or unnecessary cholesterol from the body and transports it to the liver for elimination.

Symptoms of Cholesterol

While there isn’t a specific symptom directly correlating to blood cholesterol levels, high cholesterol can manifest through various related issues. These include angina (chest pain resulting from heart disease), stroke, hypertension, and circulatory disorders. Additionally, soft, yellowish skin growths known as lesions or xanthomas may suggest a genetic inclination toward cholesterol concerns. Individuals with diabetes or obesity are also prone to elevated cholesterol levels. Moreover, arteries impacted by high cholesterol can contribute to erectile dysfunction in men.

Prevention and Management

High cholesterol is manageable, and reducing it also decreases the risk of stroke and heart disease. Adults must undergo periodic cholesterol testing. If any issues arise, consulting a doctor for personalized strategies to regulate cholesterol levels is essential.

To lower cholesterol, it’s advisable to limit saturated fat intake to 5-6% of daily calorie consumption and minimize trans fat consumption. This involves reducing the intake of red meat and full-fat dairy products. Avoiding or minimizing fried foods and opting for cooking oils like vegetable oil is also recommended.

Adopting a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, whole grains, vegetables, fish, nuts, and poultry while limiting sugary foods and beverages is beneficial. Such a diet also boosts fiber intake, which can lower cholesterol levels by nearly 10%.

Maintain Heart Health and Wellness

Leading a sedentary lifestyle diminishes HDL levels in the body, resulting in decreased “good” cholesterol available to remove “bad” cholesterol (LDL) from arteries.

Engaging in approximately 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises per week effectively regulates blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Activities such as swimming, brisk walking, dancing, and cycling are beneficial for achieving this goal.

Smoking diminishes HDL levels, exacerbating the risk of heart disease in individuals with unhealthy cholesterol levels. Quitting smoking can contribute to reducing cholesterol levels, while non-smokers should avoid exposure to second-hand smoke.

Obesity can elevate LDL levels and lower HDL levels. Consequently, weight loss can significantly improve cholesterol levels, with even a 10% reduction in weight making a notable difference.

Implementing behavioral changes can play a crucial role in maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. However, if lifestyle adjustments fail to yield significant improvements, medication may be prescribed to effectively manage cholesterol levels.

/by
,

What are the Differences Between PCOD and PCOS?

What are the Differences Between PCOD and PCOS

You’ve probably heard of PCOD and PCOS and might use the terms interchangeably, but it’s important to recognize that they’re not the same and should be handled differently. PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and PCOD (polycystic ovary disease) are two hormonal disorders that affect many women globally. Although their names sound similar, It is important to understand the differences between PCOD and PCOS for accurate diagnosis, proper treatment, and effective management. This article will explore the features, symptoms, and consequences of both conditions.

What is PCOD: Polycystic Ovary Disease?

PCOD, or polycystic ovary disease, is a hormonal disorder where multiple small cysts form on the ovaries. It’s also known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOD is mainly used to talk about how the ovaries look, while PCOS refers to a broader clinical syndrome that includes various symptoms and hormonal imbalances.

Common symptoms of PCOD include irregular menstrual cycles, ovarian cysts, and hormonal imbalances causing excess production of androgen (male hormone). This hormonal imbalance may lead to issues like acne, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and weight gain. Women with PCOD might also face fertility challenges due to irregular or absent ovulation.

What is PCOS: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

PCOS is a more comprehensive term that covers not just the structural aspects (multiple cysts) seen in PCOD but also the associated symptoms and metabolic issues. To diagnose PCOS, a woman needs to experience at least two out of the following three criteria:

  • Irregular or absent menstrual cycles: Women with PCOS often have infrequent periods or long gaps between cycles.
  • Hyperandrogenism: This involves excess production of androgens, leading to symptoms like hirsutism, acne, and male-pattern hair loss.
  • Polycystic ovaries: Ultrasound imaging may show multiple small cysts on the ovaries, contributing to the PCOS diagnosis.

Additionally, PCOS is linked to metabolic problems like insulin resistance, making it challenging to regulate blood sugar levels and increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Women with PCOS may also have higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, raising their risk of cardiovascular disease.

Differences Between PCOD and PCOS

The main difference between PCOD and PCOS lies in their focus. PCOD looks at the structural aspect of having multiple cysts on the ovaries, while PCOS is considered a broader clinical syndrome with hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, and metabolic disturbances.

Here’s a simplified table outlining the differences between PCOD and PCOS:

Aspect PCOD PCOS
Definition and Diagnosis Several tiny cysts are present on the ovaries, accompanied by irregular menstrual cycles. Broader syndrome with hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, and cysts
Hormonal Imbalances Diagnosed based on cysts and irregular periods Involves additional hormonal imbalances, such as elevated androgens (testosterone)
Menstrual Irregularities Often associated with infrequent or absent periods This may lead to irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding
Severity and Effects Generally considered milder Can have broader effects on health, including fertility issues, insulin resistance, weight gain, and metabolic disorders
Additional Symptoms May not include symptoms like acne, hirsutism, and hair loss May come with additional symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth, and hair loss
Causes Not fully understood; likely involves genetic and environmental factors Causes are not fully understood; a combination of genetic and environmental factors, hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and inflammation
Treatment Approaches Personalized lifestyle adjustments and medication regimens are designed for the individual. Involves lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management, and medication, tailored to the individual
Overlapping Conditions Not mutually exclusive; some may later develop full PCOS symptoms PCOD and PCOS can coexist in some individuals

This table provides a quick overview of the key differences between PCOD and PCOS.

Grasping these distinctions is essential for precise diagnosis and the application of suitable treatment. Healthcare professionals assess individual symptoms, conduct hormonal evaluations, and perform physical examinations to determine the best course of action for each person.

Conclusion

In conclusion, PCOD and PCOS are related to female hormonal disorders, but they have distinct differences in terms of their focus and clinical implications. PCOD primarily relates to the structural appearance of polycystic ovaries, while PCOS encompasses a broader syndrome involving hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, and metabolic issues. To ensure accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment, it’s crucial to seek medical advice. If you’re experiencing symptoms of PCOD or PCOS, consulting a doctor for an expert opinion is recommended. You can book an appointment at www.ayushmanhhs.in for further guidance.

/by

Exploring Tuberculosis: An In-Depth Overview

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, remains a longstanding and formidable health challenge that has captured the attention of medical professionals and researchers throughout history. In India, approximately 40% of the population is affected by TB bacteria, with the majority harboring latent rather than active TB. Shockingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 300,000 people succumb to TB annually in India. According to the German Leprosy & Tuberculosis Relief Association (DAHW), one-fifth of the world’s new tuberculosis cases are concentrated in the Indian subcontinent.

Recognizing the severity of the situation, Tuberculosis or TB emerges as one of India’s most significant health concerns today. Every citizen must be well-informed about this ailment. This article delves into various facets of tuberculosis, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease and highlight the progress made in its prevention and treatment.

What is Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection primarily targeting the lungs and potentially spreading to various organs, including the kidneys, spine, and brain. Without proper treatment, TB disease can prove fatal. While historically linked to the impoverished, today, it is recognized as affecting individuals across all social classes.

What Leads to Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is the microorganism responsible for the onset of tuberculosis. This germ can stay in the air for a long time. That’s why people with tuberculosis need to be careful and take steps to stop the germ from spreading to others.

How Tuberculosis Spreads

Tuberculosis mostly spreads through the air. When someone with active TB disease coughs or talks, tiny drops from their breath, carrying the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can float in the air. The main ways TB can be passed on include:

How Tuberculosis Spreads Easily Explained

  • Airborne Transmission: Tuberculosis mainly spreads when someone with active TB coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings, releasing tiny droplets containing the infectious bacteria into the air. Inhaling these droplets can lead to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Close and Prolonged Contact: TB is more likely to spread when people spend a lot of time near an infectious person. This is especially true in crowded or enclosed places like homes, prisons, or healthcare facilities, where there’s a higher concentration of these respiratory droplets in the air.
  • Poor Ventilation: In places with inadequate airflow, infectious droplets can linger in the air, increasing the risk of TB transmission. Good ventilation helps disperse and dilute these droplets, lowering the chances of TB spreading.
  • Weakened Immune System: People with weakened immune systems, like those with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or undergoing immune-suppressing treatments, are more vulnerable to TB infection. They have a higher risk of progressing from latent TB infection to active TB disease.

It’s crucial to know that not everyone exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis gets sick. Some may have latent TB infection, where the bacteria are present but inactive, causing no symptoms and not spreading to others. However, if their immune system weakens, the latent infection can turn into active TB disease, which is contagious.

Types of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) comes in different forms, mainly divided into latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB disease.

Latent TB Infection (LTBI): In this type, people have the TB bacteria, but it’s inactive. They don’t show symptoms and can’t spread it to others. However, there’s a risk it could turn into active TB disease, especially in people with weakened immune systems.

Active TB Disease: This occurs when the bacteria become active, causing symptoms. It can affect the lungs (pulmonary TB) or other body parts (extrapulmonary TB). Symptoms include cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and night sweats. TB in its active form is infectious and can be transmitted through the air.

Additional TB Categories: 

  • Pulmonary TB: Affects the lungs, causing cough, chest pain, and breathing issues.
  • Extrapulmonary TB: Affects parts outside the lungs, like kidneys, spine, lymph nodes, and brain.
  • Miliary TB: A severe form where bacteria spread through the bloodstream to multiple organs.
  • Drug-resistant TB: Some TB strains resist common antibiotics, making treatment more challenging.

Understanding these types is crucial for diagnosing, treating, and preventing tuberculosis effectively.

Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis can show various signs and symptoms, depending on whether it’s latent or active. Here are common indicators linked to active TB disease:

  • Chest Pain: Feeling pain in the chest, especially during deep breaths or coughing, could be due to lung tissue inflammation.
  • Persistent Cough: A cough lasting three weeks or more is typical for pulmonary TB. It may produce sputum (mucus), possibly with blood.
  • Unexplained Weight Loss: Active TB often leads to weight loss due to factors like reduced appetite and increased metabolic demands during infection.
  • Fatigue: Persistent fatigue and weakness are common as the body fights the infection.
  • Fever: A low-grade or persistent fever, accompanied by chills, especially in the afternoon or evening, can signal active TB.
  • Night Sweats: Profuse sweating, especially at night, is a characteristic TB symptom that can disrupt sleep.
  • Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing may occur, especially if the infection has progressed and affected a significant part of the lungs.
  • Swollen Lymph Nodes: In extrapulmonary TB, where organs outside the lungs are involved, swollen lymph nodes may be noticeable in various body parts.

If someone shows these symptoms or has been in close contact with someone diagnosed with active TB, seeking prompt medical attention is crucial for proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. Early detection and treatment are vital for effectively managing TB and preventing its spread to others.

How is Tuberculosis Diagnosed?

Diagnosing tuberculosis involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging scans, and laboratory tests. Here are the common tests used to diagnose TB:

  • Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Mantoux Test: A small amount of purified protein is injected under the skin. If a raised bump appears, it indicates exposure to TB, but it can’t differentiate between latent and active TB.
  • Interferon-gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): Blood tests like QuantiFERON-TB Gold or T-SPOT.TB measures the release of interferon-gamma in response to TB-specific antigens. They are more specific than the skin test and help distinguish between latent and active TB.
  • Chest X-ray: Imaging the chest helps identify lung abnormalities associated with pulmonary TB, such as infiltrates or cavities.
  • Sputum Smear Microscopy: Examining mucus samples under a microscope helps detect the presence of TB bacilli.
  • Sputum Culture: Culturing sputum samples confirms TB and enables drug susceptibility testing.
  • Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs): Molecular tests like PCR detect TB genetic material in clinical samples, providing a rapid and sensitive diagnosis.
  • Xpert MTB/RIF Assay: This molecular test simultaneously detects TB and assesses rifampicin resistance, offering quick results.
  • Bronchoscopy: When sputum samples are hard to obtain, bronchoscopy collects samples from the lower respiratory tract.
  • Biopsy: For extrapulmonary TB, a biopsy of affected tissues or organs may be performed for microscopic examination and culture.
  • Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST): This test determines TB bacteria’s susceptibility to specific antibiotics and guiding treatment.

The choice of tests depends on factors like clinical presentation, risk factors, and available resources. Multiple tests may be used for accurate diagnosis, especially for drug-resistant strains or extrapulmonary TB.

How to Prevent Tuberculosis?

Preventing tuberculosis involves a combination of strategies to reduce transmission, detect and treat latent and active infections, and address risk factors. Here are key measures for TB prevention:

  • BCG vaccine: Administer the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in many countries to reduce the risk of severe TB complications in children, even though it may not offer complete protection.
  • Respiratory hygiene: Encourage good respiratory hygiene, like covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Use masks in crowded public places, such as trains, buses, and stations.
  • Ventilation: Ensure well-ventilated spaces, particularly in crowded areas, to decrease the concentration of infectious droplets. Use fans or open windows for cross-ventilation.
  • Identifying and treating latent TB infection: Screen individuals at higher risk for TB, including those with known exposure or immunosuppression. Offer to test for latent TB infection (LTBI) and provide appropriate treatment to prevent progression to active TB.
  • Contact tracing and testing: Identify and test individuals in close contact with someone diagnosed with active TB. This aids in the early detection and treatment of latent or active TB in those exposed.
  • Public health education: Increase public awareness about TB transmission, symptoms, and the importance of seeking medical care. Educate communities about available testing and treatment services.

Despite being highly contagious, tuberculosis can be prevented by taking these simple precautions in the long run.

Conclusion

Tuberculosis is a significant health challenge that requires everyone’s efforts in prevention, early detection, and effective treatment. If you or someone you know shows symptoms of tuberculosis, it’s crucial to seek medical help promptly. Ayushman Hospital, known for its commitment to excellent healthcare, offers specialized services for diagnosing and treating tuberculosis. Our experienced specialists use advanced diagnostics and proven treatments to provide thorough care, ensuring the best outcomes for patients. Remember, taking timely action can make a big difference in managing and controlling tuberculosis. Consult a tuberculosis specialist at Ayushman Hospitals for expert, personalized, and compassionate care.

/by
,

How To Find The Best Neurology Hospital in Delhi?

Neurology Hospital in Delhi

Facing neurological disorders can be overwhelming, and finding the right specialist is crucial for optimal care. Fortunately, we boast renowned medical advancements, offering a wealth of top-notch neurology hospital in Delhi. This guide empowers you to navigate this process effectively, ensuring informed decisions regarding your neurological healthcare needs.

Research About Neurology Hospital in Delhi

Conducting thorough research is imperative when exploring neurology hospitals for your health needs. Various channels can provide valuable insights into the reputation and quality of such healthcare facilities in Delhi.

Online Hospital Reviews: Leverage dedicated online platforms that review hospitals. These platforms allow individuals and their families to share their experiences and rate different hospitals. Pay attention to overall ratings, patient feedback, and specific comments on neurology departments and specialists.

Seek Recommendations from Trusted Sources: Reach out to your primary care physician or other reliable healthcare professionals for recommendations. They can provide valuable perspectives derived from their knowledge and experiences at a neurology hospital in Delhi. Furthermore, seek advice from friends, family members, or colleagues who have undergone neurology treatments in the city. Personal recommendations provide firsthand information about the level of care and patient experience.

Consider Hospital Accreditations: Accreditations and certifications from reputable organizations serve as indicators of a hospital’s commitment to quality and patient safety. Look for neurology hospital in Delhi that have received accreditations from recognized bodies such as the Joint Commission International (JCI) or the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH). These accreditations signify that the hospital adheres to stringent standards in terms of infrastructure, medical protocols, and patient care.

Choosing the Right Hospital for Your Neurological Care in Delhi

Selecting the best neurology hospital in Delhi is crucial for receiving optimal care for your specific needs. Here are some key factors to consider when making this important decision:

  1. Experienced and Specialized Neurologists: Look for hospitals with a team of highly-skilled neurologists who specialize in various neurological disorders. This ensures you have access to experts who can effectively address your specific needs, whether it’s stroke management, movement disorders, pediatric neurology, or any other area.
  2. Advanced Diagnostic Capabilities: Accurate diagnosis forms the foundation of successful treatment. Ensure the hospital utilizes state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, such as high-resolution MRI and CT scan machines. These advanced tools enable detailed evaluations, allowing neurologists to create precise treatment plans tailored to each patient’s condition.
  3. Dedicated Departments for Specialized Care: neurological disorders present diversely, often requiring specialized care. Choose a hospital with dedicated departments catering to specific neurological disorders, such as epilepsy treatment, neuro-oncology, or neuromuscular disorders. This ensures access to the expertise and resources necessary for comprehensive and effective treatment.
  4. Patient Reviews and Testimonials: While not the sole factor, patient experiences can offer valuable insights. Consider reading testimonials from individuals who have received care at the hospital. Positive feedback can highlight the expertise of the neurology team, the effectiveness of treatments, and the overall patient experience, including factors like compassion and communication.

Remember, thorough research and a clear understanding of your specific needs empower you to make informed decisions for your neurological healthcare journey in Delhi.

Ayushman Hospital: Offering Comprehensive Neurological Care

Ayushman Hospital provides comprehensive neurological care for a wide range of conditions, including epilepsy, neuro-oncology, and neuromuscular disorders.

Key offerings include: 

  • A team of skilled neurologists: The hospital employs experienced neurologists specializing in various neurological areas, ensuring patients receive targeted expert care.
  • Cutting-edge diagnostics: The hospital utilizes advanced technologies like high-resolution MRI and CT scans for accurate diagnoses, forming the foundation for effective treatment plans.
  • Specialized departments: Dedicated departments cater to specific neurological disorders, providing patients with focused expertise and resources for optimal outcomes.

By offering these services, Ayushman Hospital aims to provide patients with a complete and effective neurological care experience.

/by

Constant Headaches What Could They Mean

We’ve all had the symptoms or had a headache some point in our lives. Usually they are nothing major and at most a minor annoyance that can be relieved using over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication.

But what if these headaches are constant, and occur every day?

Chronic headaches are when you have a headache for 15 days or more every month. Both adults and children can have these constant headaches. Having constant headaches can be a huge problem and can interfere with your day-to-day activities.

The term chronic daily headache is rather broad and hosts several different types of headaches that can occur on a daily basis:

  • Tension headaches that feel like a tightening band has been placed all around your head
  • Migraines that feel like an intense throbbing headache that can occur on one or both sides of the head
  • Cluster headaches which can happen both on and off over a period of weeks or months and these cause severe pain on one side of the head.

If you’re looking for treatment for constant headaches in Dwarka, the best neurosurgeons in Dwarka, then contract us.

Read on to learn more about constant headaches, what may cause them, and how you can manage them.

What are the other symptoms of constant headache? 

The symptoms of a constant headache can vary depending on the type of headache you’re experiencing and can include head pain involving  one or both sides of your head, or it feels like a pulsing, throbbing, or tightening feeling, varying in intensity from mild to severe,

nauseating or vomiting, sweating, sensitivity to lights or sounds and a stuffy or runny nose.

Why do you  have daily headaches

Doctors still don’t have a clear idea about what actually is the reason begin headache symptoms. Some possible causes include:

  • Tightened muscles of the head and neck, which can create tension and pain
  • Stimulation of trigeminal nerve, which is the main nerve that’s found in your face. Activation of this nerve may cause pain behind the eyes in addition to stuffy nose and eye redness that’s associated with some types of headache.
  • Changes in the levels of hormones, such as serotonin and estrogen. When the levels of these hormones fluctuate, a headache can occur.
  • Genetics

Often, headaches are caused by lifestyle or environmental factors such as stress, changes in weather, caffeine use, or lack of sleep.

Overuse of pain medication can also cause a constant headache. This is called a medication overuse headache. You’re at risk pf these types of headache if you take OTC or prescription pain medication more than two days a week.

Treatment 

There are many possible treatments for constant headaches, and a doctor will work with you to get the best treatment for you.

The treatment will depend on the actual cause of your headache. If your doctor cannot determine the cause, they will prescribe treatment that focuses on effectively preventing your headache pain.

 

/by

Get Great Kidney Health With These Steps

Our kidneys are organs located at the bottom of the rib cage, on both sides of the spine, and they perform important functions. 

However their most important function is  they filter waste products, extra water, and other impurities from the bloodstream. These waste materials are housed in the bladder and later removed through urine.

Our kidney also  regulate pH, salt, and potassium levels, while also producing hormones that control blood pressure and production of red blood cells.

They are also responsible for activating a form of vitamin D that helps our bodies absorb calcium for building bones and regulating muscle function.

In case you’re looking for the best kidney treat in Dwarka, or the best urologist in Dwarka, you can get in touch with us. 

Here are some ways to keep your kidneys healthy;  

1. Keep active and fit

Exercise is great for more than just a waistline. It lowers the risk of kidney disease and reduces blood pressure, while also boosting heart health, both of which important to preventing kidney damage.

You don’t need to run marathons to reap the reward of exercise. Just walked be regular and activities like running, walking, and even dancing are great for your health.

2. Control  blood sugar

People who have diabetes or a condition that causes high blood sugar, can develop kidney damage.

If you control your sugar, you reduce the risk of damage. Also, if damage is detected early, your doctor can take steps to reduce or prevent additional damage. 

3. Look out for  blood pressure

High BP causes kidney damage. Ideally your blood pressure should be 120/80. Prehypertension is between that and 139/89. Lifestyle and dietary changes help lower blood pressure at this point.

If blood pressure readings are consistently above 140/90, you could have high blood pressure. You should consult with a doctor about handling your blood pressure regularly, making lifestyle changes to your lifestyle, and possibly taking some medicine. 

 4. Control weight and have  a healthy diet

People who are overweight are at risk of a number of health conditions that harm the kidneys, like diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease.

A healthy diet low in sodium, processed food, and other harmful materials will help reduce the risk of kidney damage. Focus on 

 fresh ingredients that are natural, low-sodium, like cauliflower, blueberries, fish, whole grains, and more.

5.Quit smoking

Smoking harms the body’s blood vessels which causes slower blood flow in your body and to the kidneys.

It also increases the risk of your kidneys developing cancer. If you can quit smoking, your risk will decrease. However, it’ll take time to get to the risk level of a person who’s never smoked before. 

/by

When You Should Consider Getting A Heart Checkup There Are Many Benefits To It.

First things first, people are hesitant about getting even general health checkups, so it’s easy to imagine how scary a regular heart checkup might be. In case you’re looking for a heart checkup in Dwarka, or the best hospital for heart attacks in Dwarka; you can safely assume it’s Ayushman Hospital and Health Services.

We’ll explain what basically goes on during a heart checkups. Just like a routine health checkup, a doctor ask about how you’re feeling and offer screening tests to assess your cardiovascular condition and risk factors. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.

As a part of the checkup, our leading cardiologists will look for signs of heart disease and consider the level of risk for developing heart disease in the future. Risk factors are high blood pressure and blood cholesterol, high blood sugar, a high BMI and obesity, along with some lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

We recommend  heart health screening tests should begin as early as 20, owing to the shocking increase in cases of young people who develop heart conditions.

Our doctors can help you learn which screenings are relevant for you and how often you should get them.

Also let a doctor know right away if you develop any of these signs of heart disease:

  • chest pain
  • fluttering in the chest
  • slow or fast heartbeat
  • being short of breath
  • feeling dizzy
  • fatigue
  • swelling in the feet or abdomen

Routine heart checkups are a crucial part of preventive healthcare for adults.

Starting around 20, or in some cases even earlier, your cardiologists will most likely advise you to have several checkups and screening tests on a regular basis.

 

In case the results of the screening tests reveal signs or potential of heart disease or, your doctor may tell you to go for additional tests.

Your family history can also help determine what age the testing should nahin and with what frequency.

 

Routine checkup tests

Even if you have no relevant history of heart disease, we advise you get the following heart health screenings:

  • blood pressure and cholesterol testing, begin by age 20 -for most
  • blood glucose tests, by age 40 to 45 for most
  • body mass index (BMI) measurement, based on body weight or waist ratio and waist circumference

If there is a certain risk factor for heart disease or a strong family history of heart disease, your cardiologists will encourage you to begin these tests at an even younger age than usual.

 

/by

Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids affect a lot of women, and in case you’re looking for the best gynaecologists in Dwarka, or the best treatment for uterine fibroids in Dwarka, you can book an appointment with us and we’ll do the rest.

Fibroids are growths that develop abnormally in or on a uterus. Sometimes they become large and cause a lot abdominal pain and heavy periods while in some other cases, they cause no signs or symptoms at all. The growths are typically noncancerous; benign. The cause of fibroids is still unknown.

Almost 70 percent of women will have them by the age of 50. However, most women won’t have any symptoms and may never know they even had fibroids.

What are the causes of fibroids?

It’s still unclear why and how fibroids develop, but many factors are believed to have influence on their formation.

Hormones

Estrogen and Progesterone are hormones which cause the uterine lining to regenerate during each menstrual cycle and may stimulate the growth of fibroids.

Family history

Fibroids do run in the family. If your mom, sister, or grandma has a history with this condition, you can develop it as well.

Pregnancy

Being pregnant increases the production of estrogen and progesterone in your body. Fibroids can develop and grow rapidly in pregnancy.

Who is at risk?

Women will be at more risk of developing fibroids if they have one or more pregnancy, a family history of fibroids, aged of 30 or older and obesity.

Symptoms may include heavy bleeding during periods, pelvic pain, more menstrual cramping, painful sex, longer menstruation, swelling in the abdomen.

For diagnosing fibroids, you’ll need to see a gynaecologist to schedule a pelvic exam which is used to check the condition, size, and shape of the uterus. You may also need other tests, which include an ultrasound or pelvic MRI.

Natural ways to treat fibrosis include home remedies that can have benefit for fibroids, like acupuncture, yoga, massage therapy, heat therapy and diet changes. Avoiding meats and high-calorie foods. Instead, go for foods high in flavonoids, green vegetables, green tea and

fish.

 

/by